秸秆生物反应堆技术对温室秋冬茬番茄生长环境影响研究

采用田间小区对比试验的方法,研究秸秆生物反应堆技术在秋冬茬温室番茄生产中对温室地温、土壤理化特性、土壤保墒能力、CO2浓度的影响。结果表明,应用秸秆生物反应堆技术提高地温2～4℃;应用秸秆生物反应堆技术可以很好地改善土壤理化特性,并可以提高土壤的保墒能力和温室内CO2浓度。     

Infiltration in surface irrigated swelling soils

Infiltration characteristics for border strip irrigation at two sites with swelling clay soils were examined. Volume infiltrated was calculated from flow onto the field monitored with flow meters; depth of water in the soil estimated from soil samples taken before and after irrigation; and the advance profile which was used to calculate the volume infiltrated with time. Volume infiltrated was compared with volume of cracks before irrigation.Linear advance and observed crack closing supported the hypothesis that infiltration approached zero after about 10 min. Volume of cracks was less than 20% of the volume infiltrated. Wetting front was 3–10 times greater than depth of observed surface cracks. There was no significant correlation between intake opportunity time and depth of infiltration, but elevation irregularities were related to infiltration.     

低压射流不同喷嘴参数及压力下破碎过程实验

研究了不同低压下喷头喷嘴直径和喷嘴锥角对射流破碎的影响。采用高速摄像仪对低压圆柱射流的射流核心长度和射流破碎长度进行实验,测量了不同喷嘴结构的流量、射程和末端水滴直径。结果表明:同一压力下,当喷嘴锥角不变时,随着喷嘴直径的增大,喷头流量、射程和喷头末端水滴直径都变大,射流核心长度和破碎长度均增大;当喷嘴直径不变时,随着喷嘴锥角的增大,喷头流量逐渐减小,而喷头射程呈先增大后减小趋势,喷头末端水滴直径也变大,射流核心长度逐渐减小,射流破碎长度先减小后增大。综合考虑射程和雾化效果,直径为5 mm、锥角为45°的喷嘴为最优选择。同时通过对不同Re数和We数的实验和分析,给出了适合低压喷嘴的两种射流特征长度的拟合关联式。     

南水北调河北省受水区水资源可持续利用AHP量化研究

为了充分利用调入水,实现南水北调河北省受水区水资源可持续利用,以受水区7个设区市为主要研究对象,考虑2010年南水北调工程建成为前提,预测了7个设区市现状水平年为2005年和预测的2010、2015、2020、2025、2030年在95%保证率下供需平衡状况,以此为依据,确定各设区市水资源可持续利用的权重系数,利用层次分析法(AHP)构建河北省受水区水资源可持续利用评价模型,进行定性分析和定量计算,对加大治污力度、控制地下水开采、加强节水措施、完善技术管理这4项水资源可持续利用对策进行重要程度排序。得出整个受水区及7个设区市主要可持续利用对策的重要程度排序:整个受水区可持续利用对策中,控制地下水开采最重要,其次是治污措施;邯郸市完善技术管理最重要,其次是控制地下水开采。     

次降雨土壤吸收量推算方法研究

采用两种方法确定一次降雨渗透到土壤中的水量。①利用实验资料建立降雨与渗透深度相关计算区域降雨渗透量；利用改进的Gree—Ampt积水入渗模型进行降水入渗量的计算。文中利用两种方法进行了对比分析，结果基本可靠，可作为区域降雨土壤吸收量的估算。     

A model of decision-making and information flows for information-intensive agriculture

This paper describes the development of a systems based model to characterise farmers’ decision-making process in information-intensive practices, and its evaluation in the context of Precision Agriculture (PA). A participative methodology was developed in which farm managers decomposed their process of decision-making into brief decision statements along with associated information requirements. The methodology was first developed on a university research farm in Denmark and further revised during testing on a number of research and commercial farms in Indiana, USA. Twenty-one decision-analysis factors were identified to characterise a farm manager’s decision-making process. Then, a general data flow diagram (DFD) was constructed that describes the information flows “from data to decision”. Illustrative examples of the model in the form of DFDs are presented for a strategic, a tactical and an operational decision. The model was validated for a range of decisions related to operations by three university farm managers and by five commercial farmers practicing PA for cereal, corn and soybean production in Denmark and in Indiana, USA.     

厌氧发酵残留物对土壤酶动态特性的影响

通过温室盆栽生菜试验,研究厌氧发酵残留物对土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、多酚氧化酶和中性磷酸酶动态特性以及作物产量的影响.试验以菜园土作为栽培基质,并以是否施用厌氧发酵残留物和种植作物进行设计,生菜种植期为50天,试验中间隔10天测定一次土壤酶活性.结果表明,施用厌氧发酵残留物能明显提高土壤酶的活性,且施用量越多,酶活性越高,生菜的产量也越高.栽种生菜的土壤酶活性高于相应的对照组,酶活性的变化基本和生菜的生长过程一致,在30～40天之间达到最高酶活性.土壤酶活性的提高表明,施用厌氧发酵残留物能改善土壤结构和性能,提高土壤的肥力和生产能力.     

Potential farmer contributions to the design process: Indications from Indonesia

The paper argues that conventional irrigation design processes rely heavily on predetermined design criteria, often without allowing for interactions with farmers and revising of criteria during implementation. Six cases from a tertiary development project in North Sulawesi, Indonesia are described, where farmers altered what had been designed and constructed by contracting and agency engineers. Through field inspections and farmer interviews, the farmers' alternative set of design criteria was elicited to explain why the farmers changed what had been constructed. A total of 27 cases are analyzed to show the relative importance of:

基于HYDRUS-2D的地下滴灌下水分运移数值模拟研究

利用HYDRUS-2D软件模拟了地下滴灌条件下滴头周围黏壤土的土壤水分动态,并与田间观测进行对比;通过分析不同滴头流量对试验地土壤湿润模式的影响,明确了最佳灌水技术参数。结果表明,HYDRUS-2D软件模拟结果与观测值一致,体积含水率均方根误差为1.2%~4.5%,湿润范围均方根误差变化范围为2.1~3.87cm。     

玉米秸秆残茬覆盖对大豆田土壤水温效应的影响

研究了传统耕作、玉米原垄留茬耕作、玉米原垄留茬全覆盖、玉米留茬条带覆盖、浅松覆盖和深松覆盖6种耕作方式下土壤含水率、棵间蒸发量和地温的变化。结果表明,条带覆盖对大豆不同生育期土壤剖面含水率影响最大;其他耕作方式对棵间蒸发的抑制作用均小于传统耕作;日平均地温在苗期变化明显;保护性耕作对日平均地温影响较大,传统耕作最高,留茬全覆盖最低。